How face masks are fooling facial recognition software
Credit: B. Hayes/NIST
- The study measured the error rates of 89 commercial facial recognition technologies as they attempted to match photos of people with and without masks.
- Wearing a mask increased error rates by 5 to 50 percent among the algorithms.
- The researchers said they expect facial recognition technology to get better at recognizing people wearing masks. But it’s not clear that that’s what Americans want.
Wearing a face mask shields you from not only viruses, but also facial recognition software, according to a new study from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
The study tested how accurately 89 commercial facial recognition algorithms could identify people who had masks on. To do that, the researchers tested a specific method of facial recognition called “one-to-one” matching, where the software compares a photo of a person to a different photo of the same person. The algorithm works by measuring the exact distance between a person’s facial features, and it’s the same technique used to unlock smartphone and verify passports.
The team tested the algorithms on about 6 million photos. Each photo set showed the same person twice: once with a digitally applied mask, once without. The results showed that masks effectively confused the software, causing a 5 to 50 percent spike in error rate in the algorithms.
NIST digitally applied mask shapes to photos and tested the performance of face recognition algorithms developed before COVID appeared. Because real-world masks differ, the team came up with variants that included differences in shape, color and nose coverage.Credit: B. Hayes/NIST
But not all masks thwarted the software equally. For example, black masks led to higher error rates than blue masks (though the researchers said they weren’t able to completely explore how color affected the software). Error rates were also higher when people wore wide masks (as opposed to rounder ones) that covered most of the nose.
“With the arrival of the pandemic, we need to understand how face recognition technology deals with masked faces,” said Mei Ngan, a NIST computer scientist and an author of the report. “We have begun by focusing on how an algorithm developed before the pandemic might be affected by subjects wearing face masks. Later this summer, we plan to test the accuracy of algorithms that were intentionally developed with masked faces in mind.”
The researchers said they expect facial-recognition software will get better at recognizing people wearing masks.
“But the data we’ve taken so far underscores one of the ideas common to previous FRVT tests: Individual algorithms perform differently,” Ngan said.
But do Americans even want better facial recognition technology? The answer depends on who’s deploying the software. A 2019 survey from Pew Research Center found that 56 percent of Americans would trust law enforcement to use facial recognition technology responsibly, while 59 percent said it’s acceptable for officials to use the software to monitor public spaces for threats.
Americans are more wary of trusting the private sector with facial recognition. For example, 36 percent of respondents said they’d trust technology companies to use the software responsibly, while only 16 percent said they’d trust advertisers to do the same.
Tests On Facial Recognition Technology Begun At Berlin Suedkreuz(Photo by Steffi Loos/Getty Images)
No matter how Americans feel about facial recognition, it’s probably here to stay. After all, the FBI already has a database of more than 641 million facial images, many of which simply come from publicly accessible social media posts. And even though cities like San Francisco have banned the technology, police across the country are using it with increasing frequency.
Georgetown Law School’s Center on Privacy and Technology estimates that “more than one in four of all American state and local law enforcement agencies can run face recognition searches of their own databases, run those searches on another agency’s face recognition system, or have the option to access such a system.”
