Closest images ever taken of the sun reveal "nanoflares"

ESO’s Solar Orbiter has sent back new images from halfway between the Earth and the Sun.

The images show far more “nanoflares” than ever seen before.

The discovery raises more questions about how the Sun works.

Looking at the Sun isn’t easy. If you do it by yourself, you’ll get eye damage. If you do it with highly specialized scientific equipment on Earth, you’ll notice the atmosphere getting in the way. For the best results, you have to look from space. This precisely what the European Space Agency did with their Solar Orbiter (SoIO) spacecraft, allowing us to get close-up pictures of the Sun that highlight every blemish and sunspot.

Situated 77,000,000 kilometers (48,000,000 miles) from Earth, roughly halfway to the Sun, the Solar Orbiter’s cameras have taken high-quality images from a closer vantage point than any camera ever. More importantly, they can take pictures in ultraviolet light, which is highly filtered by Earth’s atmosphere and challenging to do as well without being in space.

The images, seen below, are stunning.

The arrow points to a “nanoflare” approximately 700 km across. SOLAR ORBITER/EUI TEAM (ESA & NASA)

These images show the sun’s appearance at a wavelength of 17 nanometers, which is in the extreme ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Images at this wavelength reveal the upper atmosphere of the sun, the corona, with a temperature of around one million degrees. (quoted from https://phys.org/news/2020-07-close-ups-sun.html)Credit: Solar Orbiter/EUI Team (ESA & NASA); CSL, IAS, MPS, PMOD/WRC, ROB, UCL/MSSL

Credit: Solar Orbiter/EUI Team (ESA & NASA); CSL, IAS, MPS, PMOD/WRC, ROB, UCL/MSSL

They also help to answer a few questions about how the Sun works while raising new ones as the mission continues.

If you look at some of these images, the top image with an arrow stands out; you will notice small white smears. These are nanoflares, also called “campfires.” They are 700-kilometer-wide relatives of solar flares burning at temperatures of one million degrees, nearly 200 times hotter than the photosphere below them. One hypothesis maintains that a vast number of these could be part of the mechanism that keeps the corona, the Sun’s outer atmosphere, hotter than its surface.

ESA project scientist Daniel Müller explained this notion to the BBC:

“The Sun has a relatively cool surface of about 5,500 degrees and is surrounded by a super-hot atmosphere of more than a million degrees. […]There’s a theory put forward by the great US physicist Eugene Parker, who conjectured that if you should have a vast number of tiny flares this might account for an omnipresent heating mechanism that could make the corona hot.”

While larger nanoflares can be seen from Earth, the images this spacecraft provided suggest they can be smaller than previously known and arise more frequently than supposed. At this moment, scientists aren’t sure why they exist or what mechanisms they interact with.

All of these images are from tests to see how the equipment operates in outer space. The probe’s primary mission will take place when it reaches a point a mere 48,000,000 kilometers from the Sun. Those future pictures and data will be all the more impressive, as the Sun is currently moving out of a quiet phase and will be more active.

However, it’ll take two years to get into position, so we have plenty of time to get acquainted with the images it has already shared.